Die Schriftzeichen von sumai bzw. Jahrhundert findet. Tatsächlich fanden bis ins japanische Mittelalter die mehr oder weniger regellosen Ringkämpfe oft ihr Ende erst mit dem Tod eines der Kämpfer.

Es ist möglich, dass es sich unter chinesischem oder koreanischem Einfluss entwickelte. Archäologische Funde legen nahe, dass solche Kämpfe bereits vor dem Jahr abgehalten wurden.

Die Samurai wurden dazu angehalten, sich darin zu üben. Jahrhundert zur heutigen Form. Viele Elemente stammen aus dieser Zeit, z.

Im Zudem spaltete sich der Verband nach inneren Streitigkeiten. Es mag dazu auch die nationalistisch gefärbte Stimmung nach den militärischen Erfolgen gegen Korea und China beigetragen haben.

Seit dem Jahrhundert dürfen Frauen den Turnieren beiwohnen und der Sport hatte weitgehend seine heutige Form. Die maximale Länge des folgenden Kampfes variiert abhängig von der Liga.

In der obersten Division ist er auf vier Minuten begrenzt, dauert aber meist nur einige Sekunden. Ist die Begegnung nach Ablauf der Zeit noch nicht beendet, wird eine kurze Pause Mizu-iri eingelegt, nach der die Ringer den Kampf aus der vorherigen Position fortsetzen.

Ist nach weiteren vier Minuten noch immer kein Sieger gefunden, wird nach einer abermaligen Pause der Kampf mit Tachi-ai neu begonnen. Sollte dadurch auch keine Entscheidung fallen, gilt der Ausgang als unentschieden.

Dieser Verlauf ist sehr selten. In Japan wird die Sportart kommerziell und professionell betrieben. Im Alter von ungefähr 15 Jahren beginnen sie ihre Laufbahn in der untersten Liga.

Eine steigende Anzahl von Ringern rekrutiert sich aber auch aus den Reihen der erfolgreichen Amateursportler, besonders aus dem japanischen Hochschulsport.

Etwa zwischen dem Lebensjahr ist die Laufbahn eines Ringers zu Ende. If a bout lasts up to four minutes, the referee or one of the judges sitting around the ring may call a mizu-iri or " water break ".

The wrestlers are carefully separated, have a brief break, and then return to the exact position they left, as determined by the referee.

If after four more minutes, they are still deadlocked, they may have a second break, after which they start from the beginning.

Further deadlock with no end of the bout in sight can lead to a draw hikiwake , an extremely rare result in modern sumo. The last draw in the top division was in September A sumo wrestler leads a highly regimented way of life.

The Sumo Association prescribes the behavior of its wrestlers in some detail. For example, the association prohibits wrestlers from driving cars, although this is partly out of necessity as many wrestlers are too big to fit behind a steering wheel.

On entering sumo, they are expected to grow their hair long to form a topknot, or chonmage , similar to the samurai hairstyles of the Edo period.

Furthermore, they are expected to wear the chonmage and traditional Japanese dress when in public, allowing them to be identified immediately as wrestlers.

The type and quality of the dress depends on the wrestler's rank. Rikishi in jonidan and below are allowed to wear only a thin cotton robe called a yukata , even in winter.

Furthermore, when outside, they must wear a form of wooden sandal called geta. The higher-ranked sekitori can wear silk robes of their own choice, and the quality of the garb is significantly improved.

Similar distinctions are made in stable life. When the sekitori are training, the junior wrestlers may have chores to do, such as assisting in cooking the lunch, cleaning, and preparing the bath, holding a sekitori' s towel, or wiping the sweat from him.

The ranking hierarchy is preserved for the order of precedence in bathing after training, and in eating lunch. Wrestlers are not normally allowed to eat breakfast and are expected to have a siesta -like nap after a large lunch.

The most common type of lunch served is the traditional sumo meal of chankonabe , which consists of a simmering stew of various fish, meat, and vegetables cooked at the table.

It is usually eaten with rice and washed down with beer. This regimen of no breakfast and a large lunch followed by a sleep is intended to help wrestlers put on a lot of weight so as to compete more effectively.

In the afternoon, the junior wrestlers again usually have cleaning or other chores, while their sekitori counterparts may relax, or deal with work issues related to their fan clubs.

Younger wrestlers also attend classes, although their education differs from the typical curriculum of their non-sumo peers. In the evening, sekitori may go out with their sponsors, while the junior wrestlers generally stay at home in the stable, unless they are to accompany the stablemaster or a sekitori as his tsukebito manservant when he is out.

Becoming a tsukebito for a senior member of the stable is a typical duty. A sekitori has a number of tsukebito , depending on the size of the stable or in some cases depending on the size of the sekitori.

The junior wrestlers are given the most mundane tasks such as cleaning the stable, running errands, and even washing or massaging the exceptionally large sekitori while only the senior tsukebito accompany the sekitori when he goes out.

The sekitori are given their own room in the stable, or may live in their own apartments, as do married wrestlers; the junior wrestlers sleep in communal dormitories.

Thus, the world of the sumo wrestler is split broadly between the junior wrestlers, who serve, and the sekitori , who are served. Life is especially harsh for recruits, to whom the worst jobs tend to be allocated, and the dropout rate at this stage is high.

The negative health effects of the sumo lifestyle can become apparent later in life. Sumo wrestlers have a life expectancy between 60 and 65, more than 10 years shorter than the average Japanese male, as the diet and sport take a toll on the wrestler's body.

Many develop type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure , and they are prone to heart attacks due to the enormous amount of body mass and fat that they accumulate.

The excessive intake of alcohol can lead to liver problems and the stress on their joints due to their excess weight can cause arthritis.

Recently, the standards of weight gain are becoming less strict, in an effort to improve the overall health of the wrestlers.

Some sumo organizations have minimum height and weight requirements for their competitors. In , the Japanese Sumo Association required that all sumo wrestlers be a minimum centimeters 5.

Although, they also claimed that a "blind eye" is turned for those "just shy" of the minimums.

As of [update] , the monthly salary figures in Japanese yen for the top two divisions were: [30]. Wrestlers lower than the second-highest division, who are considered trainees, receive only a fairly small allowance instead of a salary.

This bonus increases every time the wrestler scores a kachikoshi with larger kachikoshi giving larger raises. San'yaku wrestlers also receive a relatively small additional tournament allowance, depending on their rank, and yokozuna receive an additional allowance every second tournament, associated with the making of a new tsuna belt worn in their ring entering ceremony.

Individual top division matches can also be sponsored by companies. Sumo is also practised as an amateur sport, with participants in college, high school, and grade school in Japan.

In addition to college and school tournaments, open amateur tournaments are also held. The sport at this level is stripped of most of the ceremony.

The most successful amateur wrestlers in Japan usually college champions can be allowed to enter professional sumo at makushita third division or sandanme fourth division rather than from the very bottom of the ladder.

These ranks are called makushita tsukedashi and sandanme tsukedashi , and are currently equivalent to makushita 10, makushita 15, or sandanme depending on the level of amateur success achieved.

Many of the current top division wrestlers entered professional sumo by this route. All amateur athletes entering the professional ranks must be under 23 to satisfy the entry, except those who qualify for makushita tsukedashi or sandanme tsukedashi , who may be up to The International Sumo Federation was established to encourage the sport's development worldwide, including holding international championships.

A key aim of the federation is to have sumo recognized as an Olympic sport. Amateur sumo clubs are gaining in popularity in the United States, with competitions regularly being held in major cities across the country.

Now, however, the sport has grown beyond the sphere of Japanese diaspora and athletes come from a variety of ethnic, cultural, and sporting backgrounds.

Amateur sumo is particularly strong in Europe. Many athletes come to the sport from a background in judo , freestyle wrestling , or other grappling sports such as sambo.

Some Eastern European athletes have been successful enough to be scouted into professional sumo in Japan, much like their Japanese amateur counterparts.

Brazil is another center of amateur sumo, introduced by Japanese immigrants who arrived during the first half of the twentieth century. The first Brazilian sumo tournament was held in Sumo wrestlers wear mawashi which is essentially a thick foot-long belt, that they tie in knots in the back.

During matches, the wrestler will grab onto the other wrestler's mawashi and use it to help them and make moves during a match.

The different mawashi that the wrestlers wear differentiate their rank. Top rated wrestlers wear different colors of silk mawashi during tournament, while lower rated wrestlers are limited to just black cotton.

Their hair is put in what they call a topknot, and they use wax to get it to stay. Wax is applied to sumo wrestlers' hair daily by sumo hairdressers Tokoyama.

Once a wrestler joins a stable, they are required to grow out their hair in order to form a topknot. Outside of tournaments and practices, in daily life, sumo wrestlers are required to wear traditional Japanese clothes.

What you can wear in public is also determined by rank. Lower rated wrestlers must wear a yukata at all times, even in winter, where higher rated wrestlers have more choice in what they wear.

Partial squat before engaging. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Sumo wrestling. Japanese martial art. For other uses, see Sumo disambiguation.

See also: Shinto origins of sumo. Main article: Professional sumo divisions. Warum hast Du dich fuer das Sumoringen entschieden?

Sumo started to be broadcast in Mongolia when Kyokutenho-zeki became a sekitori. I watched the programmes whenever they were broadcast; then, one day, I wanted to become a sumo wrestler.

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